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CFPAC-1
CFPAC-1 (CF PAC-1, CVCL_1119, ATCC CRL-1918) is a human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line from a 26-year-old male with cystic fibrosis, homozygous for CFTR ΔF508, KRAS G12V, TP53 C242R, SMAD4-deleted, gemcitabine-sensitive.
Chang Liver
Chang Liver is a human cell line established in 1954 by R. Shihman Chang and long used as a liver model, later shown to be a HeLa derivative.
Checkpoint protein Rad17/Rad24, fungi/metazoa
Rad17/Rad24 checkpoint protein: conserved AAA+ clamp-loader large subunit (Rad17 in S. pombe and metazoa, Rad24 in S. cerevisiae) that loads the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp at 5'-recessed DNA junctions to activate ATR-dependent DNA damage checkpoints.
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapse: junction where a neuron releases neurotransmitter across a synaptic cleft to receptors on a postsynaptic cell; slower (1–10 ms) but more modifiable than electrical synapses; term coined by Sherrington, chemical transmission proven by Loewi and Dale (Nobel 1936).
Chemogenetics
Chemogenetics is a technique that controls cell signaling or neuronal activity in living tissue using engineered receptors activated by inert small molecules, most widely adopted as DREADDs.
Chemoreceptor cell
A chemoreceptor cell is a cell that detects chemicals, such as those behind taste and smell or blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, and signals the nervous system.
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the directed movement of a cell or organism toward or away from a chemical gradient, found from bacteria to leukocytes, and best understood in E. coli.
Chemotaxis assay
A chemotaxis assay is a laboratory method measuring cell migration toward or away from a chemical gradient, most commonly with the Boyden chamber introduced in 1962.
CHL-1
CHL-1 (CHL1, CVCL_1122) is a human amelanotic melanoma cell line from a 36-year-old woman's pleural effusion metastasis, a derivative of RPMI 7932, held as ATCC CRL-3619, with TP53, CDKN2A, MAPK3, and TERT promoter mutations.
Chloride channel
A chloride channel is a membrane protein that lets chloride ions pass across biological membranes down their electrochemical gradient, formed by several unrelated protein families including CLC, CFTR, and GABA receptors.
Chloride shift
Chloride shift (Hamburger phenomenon): exchange of Cl- for HCO3- across red cell membranes via band 3/AE1 during CO2 transport, reversed in lung capillaries, maintaining electroneutrality and pH.
Chloroplast
Chloroplast: the photosynthetic organelle of plant and algal cells, with thylakoid membranes, grana, and stroma; descended from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont, carries its own DNA, and fixes CO2 via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle.
Chloroplast DNA
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, plastome): the circular genome inside plant and algal chloroplasts, discovered 1959 at UC Davis; 120-160 kb in angiosperms, maternally inherited, used in phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, and plastid engineering.
Chloroplast membrane
Chloroplast membrane system: outer and inner envelope membranes plus the thylakoid membrane, defining three compartments. Thylakoids form grana stacks hosting photosynthetic light reactions, ATP generation, and lipid-rich MGDG/DGDG bilayers.
Chloroplast protein import
Chloroplast protein import is the movement of nucleus-encoded precursor proteins across the chloroplast's two envelope membranes, powered by the TOC and TIC translocons and ATP.
Chloroplast protein import component Toc34
Toc34 (TOC34, AT5G05000) is a chloroplast outer-envelope GTPase receptor that, with Toc159 and Toc75, forms the TOC core complex recognizing transit peptides and initiating preprotein import; regulated by phosphorylation at serine 113.
CHO-K1
CHO-K1 (ATCC CCL-61, ECACC 85051005) is a proline-auxotrophic, adherent subclone of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line established by T.T. Puck in 1957; ancestral to CHO-DXB11 and CHO-DG44 and widely used as a transfection and bioproduction host.
CHO-S
CHO-S is a suspension-adapted Chinese hamster ovary cell line, reported by Thompson and coworkers in 1973, used as a host for recombinant protein production in serum-free suspension culture.
Cholangiocyte
Cholangiocytes, or biliary epithelial cells, line the bile ducts of the biliary tree and modify bile through secretin-driven bicarbonate secretion. They are targets of cholangiopathies and can be grown as organoids for disease modeling and bile duct repair.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, also called P450scc or cholesterol desmolase, is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first and rate-limiting step of steroid hormone synthesis.
Chondroblast
Chondroblast: a cartilage-producing mesenchymal progenitor cell that secretes avascular, GAG-rich matrix and matures into a chondrocyte or osteoblast; also the proliferating cell of chondroblastoma.
Chondrocyte
Chondrocyte, or cartilage cell, is the only cell type in cartilage: a skeletogenic cell embedded in an avascular, GAG-rich matrix that develops from the chondroblast; its hypertrophy drives bone growth but contributes to osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin proteoglycan 3
Chondroitin proteoglycan 3 (CSPG3) is the alternative name of human neurocan, the NCAN-encoded secreted brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that binds hyaluronic acid and neural cell adhesion molecules; separately, CPG-3 is a C. elegans chondroitin core protein.
Chromaffin cell
Chromaffin cell: neuroendocrine cell of the adrenal medulla and paraganglia, named by Alfred Kohn for chromium staining; neural crest-derived, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine for the fight-or-flight response.
Chromaffin cell of adrenal gland
Adrenal chromaffin cell (chromaffin cells, adrenal medulla): neural crest-derived neuroendocrine cell storing epinephrine and norepinephrine vesicles, triggered by splanchnic acetylcholine and PACAP during stress; origin revised to Schwann cell precursors.
Chromatin organization
Chromatin organization: the hierarchical packing of eukaryotic DNA with histones into nucleosomes (~150 bp around an H2A/H2B/H3/H4 octamer), 30 nm fibers, TADs, and chromosome territories, regulating transcription, replication, and repair.
Chromista
Chromista: eukaryote kingdom proposed by Cavalier-Smith in 1981 for chlorophyll a and c algae with four-membrane red-algal plastids and tubular flagellar hairs; includes diatoms, kelp, oomycetes, and malaria parasites.
Chromophobe cell
Chromophobe cell: a cell that stains poorly or not at all, originally an anterior pituitary cell type lacking granules (Flesch, 1884), also the pale vesicle-rich cell of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
Chromophore-assisted light inactivation
Chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) is a cell biology technique that uses light-activated chromophores bound to a target protein to generate reactive oxygen species, inactivating it within a second.
Chromoplast
A chromoplast is a non-photosynthetic plant plastid that produces and stores carotenoid pigments, giving yellow, orange, and red color to fruits, flowers, and roots, as in ripening tomatoes, peppers, marigold petals, and carrot roots.