1,440 articles
CCRF-CEM
CCRF-CEM (CVCL_0207, ATCC CCL-119) is the first continuous human T-ALL cell line, established 1964-1965 from a girl's peripheral blood; near-tetraploid, MSI-low, FBXW7/KRAS/FLT3 mutations, NCI-60 member.
CCRF-HSB-2
CCRF-HSB-2 (HSB-2, CVCL_1859) is a human T-lymphoblast leukemia cell line established in 1966 from an 11-year-old boy, EBV-negative, carrying STIL-TAL1 and LCK-TCRB fusions, and flagged as partially contaminated.
CD44
CD44 is a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein, the main hyaluronan receptor and a lymphocyte homing and cancer stem cell marker; alternatively spliced into CD44s and CD44v isoforms, it carries the Indian blood group system and is a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in cancer.
Cell
Cell: the membrane-bounded basic unit of life, in prokaryotic (Bacteria, Archaea) and eukaryotic forms with a nucleus and organelles. Covers cell theory (Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow), endosymbiosis, and size limits.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, a bounded mass of cytoplasm containing genetic material, capable of metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Cell biology
Cell biology: the study of cells, the basic units of life. Covers cell theory (Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow), prokaryotic versus eukaryotic structure, organelles, microscopy, and endosymbiotic theory (Mereschkowski, Margulis).
Cell cloning
Cell cloning is a bench biology method that expands a single isolated cell into a genetically uniform cell line, used in hybridoma production, recombinant protein development, and gene editing.
Cell clustering
Cell clustering is a computational method that groups single cells with similar gene expression profiles into clusters, typically using Louvain or Leiden algorithms on a nearest-neighbor graph.
Cell cryopreservation
Cell cryopreservation is the preservation of living cells by cooling them to cryogenic temperatures, typically with 10% DMSO and storage in liquid nitrogen vapor, underpinning cell banking and cell therapy.
Cell cycle
Cell cycle: the ordered G1, S, G2, M sequence by which eukaryotic cells replicate DNA and divide, driven by cyclin-CDK complexes, guarded by checkpoints, and deregulated in cancer; distinct from meiosis.
Cell cycle checkpoint
Cell cycle checkpoint: surveillance pathways (ATM/ATR-CHK, p53-p21, spindle assembly checkpoint/Mad2-APC/C) that arrest G1/S, G2/M, or anaphase on DNA damage, replication stress, or spindle errors; failure drives cancer and checkpoint kinases are drug targets.
Cell damage
Cell damage (cell injury) is disruption of cellular homeostasis by stress. Key mechanisms: ATP depletion, membrane permeabilization, pathway disruption, DNA damage; outcomes range from reversible swelling to oncosis, apoptosis, and necrosis.
Cell disruption
Cell disruption is the laboratory step of permeating or breaking open cells to release proteins, nucleic acids, or metabolites, by methods classified as physical, chemical, or mechanical.
Cell division
Cell division: the process by which a parent cell splits into daughter cells. Two eukaryotic modes, mitosis (identical body cells) and meiosis (haploid gametes, 46 to 23 chromosomes), plus prokaryotic binary fission, CDK-cyclin control, and checkpoints.
Cell encapsulation
Cell encapsulation surrounds living cells with a semi-permeable hydrogel or membrane that excludes immune cells and antibodies while allowing nutrients, oxygen, and secreted proteins to cross.
Cell fixation
Cell fixation is a laboratory technique that preserves cells and tissues by cross-linking or denaturing their biomolecules, so structure and molecular localization survive microscopy, staining, or analysis.
Cell fractionation
Cell fractionation is a cell biology method that breaks cells open and separates organelles, membranes, and proteins into enriched fractions by centrifugation, enabling analysis of cellular compartments.
Cell fusion
Cell fusion is the merging of two or more cells into a single cell, occurring naturally during development and induced in the laboratory to make hybridomas.
Cell growth
Cell growth is the increase in cell size or biomass via biosynthesis, coordinated with cell division through size-sensing, N:C ratio control, and mTOR nutrient signaling; misregulation links to cancer, hypertrophy, and senescence.
Cell in vitro
Cell in vitro (CL:0001034) is a cell that is or has been cultured outside its organism, the basis of cell culture from Harrison's 1907 nerve fibers to organoids and organs-on-a-chip, with known limits in tissue fidelity and translation.
Cell invasion protein SipA, C-terminal actin binding domain
SipA C-terminal actin binding domain: the residues ~446-685 of the Salmonella SPI-1 effector SipA, which binds F-actin with picomolar affinity, stabilizes filaments against cofilin, mimics nebulin, and cooperates with SipC during invasion.
Cell junction
Cell junction: specialized cell-cell or cell-matrix contact sites, including tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, hemidesmosomes, and plant plasmodesmata, classified as occluding, anchoring, or communicating.
Cell line authentication
Cell line authentication is a quality-control procedure that verifies a cultured cell line's identity, done almost entirely by STR profiling, now required by many funders and journals.
Cell membrane
Cell membrane (plasma membrane): the ~5 nm phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins enclosing every cell, organized per the 1972 Singer–Nicolson fluid mosaic model, with lipid rafts, asymmetry, and the archaeal ether-lipid lipid divide as distinguishing features.
Cell migration assay
A cell migration assay is a laboratory method that measures how cells move, in formats such as wound healing (scratch) and transwell chambers, used to test chemoattractants, drugs, and gene perturbations.
Cell Migration Assays, Macrophage
Macrophage cell migration assays: capillary migration inhibition tests measuring delayed hypersensitivity via MIF, and chemotaxis formats (Boyden/transwell, Dunn chamber, under-agarose, microfluidics) measuring directed macrophage movement at about 10 µm/min.
Cell Movement
Cell movement, or cell migration, is the translocation of cells from one location to another, driven by actin polymerization, myosin contractility, and adhesion; measured with wound healing, Transwell, and 3D assays; central to development, wound healing, immunity, and cancer metastasis.
Cell nucleus
Cell nucleus: the membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells housing the genome; site of DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing, enclosed by a pore-bearing nuclear envelope; discovered by Robert Brown.
Cell Painting
Cell Painting is a fixed-cell, high-content imaging assay introduced in 2013 that stains cells with six fluorescent dyes to produce morphological profiles used in drug discovery.
Cell permeabilization
Cell permeabilization is a bench biology technique that creates transient or permanent openings in the plasma membrane so dyes, antibodies, proteins, and nucleic acids can enter cells.