1,440 articles
Ca9-22
Ca9-22 (CVCL_1102, JCRB0625, RCB1976) is a human gingival squamous cell carcinoma cell line established by Horikoshi from a 43-year-old Japanese male; EGF-receptor rich, TP53 p.Arg248Trp, some stocks contaminated with MSK-922.
Cable theory
Cable theory is a mathematical framework that models how electrical signals spread along neuronal dendrites and axons, treating each neurite as a passive cylindrical conductor.
Caco-2
Caco-2 (CaCo-2, ATCC HTB-37) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line that differentiates into enterocyte-like monolayers, the standard in vitro model for intestinal drug permeability and oral absorption screening.
CADO-ES1
CADO-ES1 (CADO-ES-1, Center for Adult Diseases Osaka-Ewing Sarcoma 1) is a human Ewing sarcoma cell line established in 1991 from a 19-year-old Japanese woman's pleural effusion, carrying EWSR1-ERG rather than EWSR1-FLI1, with homozygous CDKN2A deletion.
Caki-1
Caki-1 (ATCC HTB-46, CVCL_0234) is a human clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line established in 1971 from a skin metastasis in a 49-year-old man by Fogh and Trempe at Sloan Kettering; wildtype VHL, metastatic ccRCC model.
Caki-2
Caki-2 (ATCC HTB-47, CVCL_0235) is a human renal cell carcinoma cell line established in 1971 from a 69-year-old man; originally labeled clear cell RCC, it is now classified as papillary RCC.
CAL-27
CAL-27 (CVCL_1107, ATCC CRL-2095) is a human tongue cancer cell line established in 1982 by Gioanni in Nice from a 56-year-old man, widely used in oral squamous cell carcinoma research and reclassified as adenosquamous carcinoma.
Calcium imaging
Calcium imaging is a fluorescence microscopy technique that measures intracellular calcium dynamics in neurons and other cells, widely used to record brain activity in behaving animals.
Calcium in biology
Calcium in biology: the divalent Ca2+ ion as intracellular messenger, structural material, and enzyme cofactor; on/off signaling via channels, pumps, exchangers, STIM1-Orai1 store-operated entry, IP3, and PTH-calcitriol homeostasis.
Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein
Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, formed by Orai proteins (Orai1-3) and gated by STIM1, mediates store-operated calcium entry in non-excitable cells; a hexamer with extreme Ca2+ selectivity, essential for T cell immunity and targeted by inhibitors such as zegocractin.
Calcium Signaling
Calcium signaling: Ca2+ as a universal intracellular second messenger, using ~100 nM-to-mM gradients, on/off channel-pump cycles, IP3 and store-operated STIM1-Orai1 (CRAC) entry, and Ca2+ sensors like calmodulin to control contraction, secretion, transcription, and cell death.
Caldesmon
Caldesmon (lymphocyte-specific protein, LSP; gene CALD1) is an actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin-binding protein that inhibits actomyosin ATPase, with smooth muscle H- and non-muscle L-isoforms and cancer biomarker roles.
Calu-3
Calu-3 (ATCC HTB-55) is a human bronchial adenocarcinoma cell line from a 25-year-old male, used as an airway epithelium model for drug transport, barrier, toxicology, and SARS-CoV-2 studies.
Calu-6
Calu-6 is a human non-small cell lung cancer cell line with a KRAS mutation, established at Memorial Sloan Kettering and used widely in cancer drug screening.
CAMA-1
CAMA-1 (ATCC HTB-21, RRID CVCL_1115) is a luminal-type, ER/PR-positive, HER2-negative human breast cancer cell line established in 1975 by Jorgen Fogh from a pleural effusion, estrogen-dependent, with CDH1, PTEN, and TP53 mutations.
Cambridge Antibody Technology
Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT), a UK biotech founded in 1989 by Greg Winter, David Chiswell, and John McCafferty, pioneered phage display for fully human antibody drugs, discovered Humira, and was acquired by AstraZeneca in 2006 for £702 million.
Cancer cell
Cancer cell: a body cell with genetic or epigenetic changes, also called malignant transformation, that let it grow uncontrollably, evade apoptosis and immunity, and metastasize; defined by driver genes, hallmarks, and clonal evolution.
Caov-3
Caov-3 (CAOV-3, CVCL_0201, ATCC HTB-75) is a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line isolated in 1976 by Jorgen Fogh from a 54-year-old woman, with TP53 nonsense mutation, PIK3CA amplification, and wide use in HGSOC research.
Capan-1
Capan-1 (CAPAN-1, ATCC HTB-79) is a human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1974 from a liver metastasis by Jorgen Fogh at MSK; it carries BRCA2 6174delT, KRAS G12V, SMAD4-null and TP53 mutations and is 5-fluorouracil resistant.
Capan-2
Capan-2 (CAPAN-2, CVCL_0026, ATCC HTB-80) is a human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line isolated in 1975 from a 56-year-old male, with polygonal morphology, KRAS G12V, and well-differentiated xenograft tumor formation.
Capsazepine
Capsazepine (CPZ) is a synthetic capsaicin analog, developed at Sandoz in 1992 as the first competitive antagonist of capsaicin and the prototypical TRPV1 channel blocker.
CaR-1
CaR-1 (CaR1, CAR1; CVCL_1116, JCRB0207) is a human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line from a 70-year-old Japanese man's inguinal lymph node metastasis, established in 1977, MSS, with homozygous TP53 p.Val272Met, distinct from CAR receptors and CAR-T.
Carbon nanotube porins
Carbon nanotube porins, or CNTPs, are short carbon nanotube segments that spontaneously insert into lipid membranes as artificial channels, transporting water, ions, and protons and outperforming aquaporins in single-channel water flow.
Cardiac action potential
The cardiac action potential is the electrical voltage change across a heart muscle cell membrane, triggered by ion channels, that causes contraction and spreads the heartbeat.
Cardiac muscle cell
Cardiac muscle cell (cardiomyocyte): the contractile, excitable heart cell with a central nucleus and sarcomeric isoforms. Excitation–contraction coupling via L-type Ca2+ channels, RyR2, and SERCA drives rhythmic contraction; regeneration is weak.
Cardiocyte
Cardiocyte, synonym heart cell, is the term for any cell located in the heart, covering muscle cells as well as non-muscle cells such as endothelial cells.
Carolyn Cohen
Carolyn Cohen (1929–2017) was an American biophysicist and structural biologist at Brandeis University known for structural studies of muscle proteins and for establishing the coiled coil as a widespread protein motif.
Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis: cheese-like tissue death at the center of granulomas, classically in tuberculosis but also fungal infections, syphilis, and other conditions; gross term, not microscopic.
Cation transporter
Cation transporter: integral membrane protein moving cations such as K+, Na+, and Ca2+ across membranes. Covers Trk/Ktr/HKT, CPA, CDF, and KT-HAK-KUP families, selectivity determinants, and the reclassification of TrkH and KtrB as channels.
Caveolin
Caveolin (caveolin-1, -2, -3; CAV1/CAV2/CAV3): vertebrate hairpin membrane proteins forming the coat of caveolae, 50-100 nm plasma membrane invaginations; Cav-1 essential for caveolae, linked to lipodystrophy, muscular dystrophy, tumor suppression.