1,440 articles
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS, Canale-Smith syndrome) is a rare genetic immune disorder caused by defective FAS-mediated apoptosis, causing chronic lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenias, elevated double-negative T cells, and increased lymphoma risk.
Autolysis
Autolysis (GO:0001896) is programmed cell death by lysis in bacteria and filamentous fungi, mediated by autolysins; seen in Bacillus subtilis sporulation, Streptococcus pneumoniae transformation, biofilms, and engineered autolytic bacteria.
Autolysis (biology)
Autolysis is the spontaneous self-digestion of cells or tissues by their own enzymes, chiefly leaked lysosomal hydrolases after death. Also called postmortem autolysis; distinct from necrosis and apoptosis; exploited industrially in yeast extract production.
Automated cell counting
Automated cell counting is a bench biology technique that uses image analysis or impedance instruments to measure cell concentration and viability, replacing manual microscopy with a hemocytometer.
Automated microscopy
Automated microscopy is a laboratory method in which robotic microscopes acquire images of cells without an operator, converting them into quantitative data for high-content screening.
Automixis
Automixis: asexual reproduction in which diploidy is restored from products of a single meiosis, via central fusion, terminal fusion, or gamete duplication; distinct from apomixis and selfing, found in animals, plants, and fungi.
Autophagy
Autophagy (self-eating): conserved cellular process delivering cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation and recycling; types include macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy; genes identified by Ohsumi, 2016 Nobel Prize.
Autophagy–apoptosis interplay
The autophagy–apoptosis interplay is the regulatory crosstalk between autophagy, the cellular recycling pathway, and apoptosis, linked through switches like the Bcl-2–Beclin 1 interaction and caspase cleavage of autophagy proteins.
Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a rare genetic disorder of progressive eye muscle weakness and drooping eyelids, beginning in adolescence or adulthood and passed to about half of children.
Autosomal recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Autosomal recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia (arPEO, ORPHA:254886) is a rare mitochondrial disease with progressive ptosis and symmetric ophthalmoparesis, usually POLG-related, more severe than the dominant form.
Axonal Transport
Axonal transport (fast and slow axoplasmic transport) is the kinesin- and dynein-driven movement of organelles, vesicles, and proteins along axonal microtubules, anterograde and retrograde; fast runs 1–9 µm/s, slow 0.004–0.6 µm/s, and its impairment underlies neurodegenerative disease.
B-CPAP
B-CPAP (BCPAP, CVCL_0153) is a human thyroid carcinoma cell line established in 1992 from a 76-year-old woman, now classified as poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, carrying BRAF V600E, TERT promoter, and TP53 mutations.
B95-8
B95-8 is a cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) lymphoblastoid cell line, established in 1972 with EBV from the 883L line, that sheds the B95-8 EBV strain used to immortalize human B cells.
BAIAP2
BAIAP2 (IRSp53) is a human gene on 17q25.3 encoding an I-BAR domain adaptor protein that links membrane curvature to actin, regulates dendritic spines and NMDA receptors, and is implicated in autism, schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and epileptic encephalopathy.
BALB/3T3 clone A31
BALB/3T3 clone A31 (ATCC CCL-163, CVCL_0184) is a contact-inhibited mouse embryo fibroblast line from BALB/c mice, established by Aaronson and Todaro in 1968 and widely used in cell transformation assays for carcinogenicity testing.
BALB/cByJ
BALB/cByJ (BALB Bailey Jackson) is an inbred albino laboratory mouse substrain at The Jackson Laboratory, separated from BALB/cJ in 1935, carrying Acads^del-J, Ahr^b-2, and Cdh23^ahl, less aggressive and more fertile than BALB/cJ.
Barth syndrome
Barth syndrome (BTHS, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder from TAFAZZIN (TAZ/G4.5) variants impairing cardiolipin remodeling, causing cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delay, diagnosed by elevated MLCL:CL ratio; first treatment elamipretide approved 2025.
Bartter syndrome
Bartter syndrome, a rare inherited salt-losing kidney tubulopathy of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, causing hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism, polyuria, and growth retardation; types 1-5 from SLC12A1, KCNJ1, CLCNKB, BSND/CLCNKA-CLCNKB, and MAGED2 mutations; treated with indomethacin and electrolyte supplements.
Basal cell of epidermis
A basal cell of the epidermis is a keratinocyte in the stratum basale, the innermost epidermal layer on the basement membrane, whose divisions supply all differentiated skin cells.
Basement membrane
Basement membrane, or basal lamina: thin sheet-like extracellular matrix of laminin, type IV collagen, nidogen, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans lining epithelia and endothelia, supporting tissues, filtering blood in the kidney, and linked to diseases such as Alport syndrome.
Basophilic cytoplasm
Basophilic cytoplasm is cytoplasm that stains blue-purple with basic cationic dyes, mainly because of RNA in ribosomes and rough ER; prominent in protein-synthesizing cells and altered in lead poisoning.
BB65-RCC
BB65-RCC (CVCL_1078, also BB65 or CAJE) is a human male renal cell carcinoma cell line from the Ludwig Institute Brussels, TP53 p.Arg248Trp, HLA-A*02, used in RCC immunotherapy and DepMap/COSMIC datasets.
BCBL-1
BCBL-1 (Body Cavity Based Lymphoma-1) is a human primary effusion lymphoma cell line from a 40-year-old man, infected with KSHV/HHV-8 but not EBV, used widely for KSHV latency, reactivation, and PEL drug and xenograft studies.
Bcl-2
Bcl-2 (BCL2) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family, discovered at the t(14;18) follicular lymphoma translocation; its inhibitor venetoclax is approved for CLL and AML, with MCL-1 upregulation the main resistance mechanism.
Beam cell
Beam cell: trabecular meshwork cell covering the uveal and corneoscleral beams of the eye's aqueous outflow pathway; phagocytic, myocilin-inducing, distinct from juxtacanalicular cells.
BEAS-2B
BEAS-2B (Bronchial Epithelium transformed with Ad12-SV40 2B; ATCC CRL-3588/CRL-9609) is a non-tumorigenic immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line used widely in pulmonary toxicology and carcinogenesis research.
Beige adipocyte
Beige adipocyte, also called brite or brown-in-white fat cell, is a thermogenic UCP1-expressing adipocyte arising in white adipose tissue via cold, exercise, or browning agents, distinct from Myf5-lineage brown fat and a target for obesity therapy.
Bessel beam plane illumination
Bessel beam plane illumination is a fluorescence microscopy technique in which a scanned, non-diffracting Bessel beam forms a thin light sheet, introduced for live-cell imaging by Eric Betzig's group in 2011.
Beta tubulin
Beta tubulin (β-tubulin) is the GTP-hydrolyzing subunit of the α/β-tubulin heterodimer that builds eukaryotic microtubules. Humans have 8 isotypes; TUBB2B/TUBB3 mutations cause polymicrogyria; it is the main anti-mitotic drug target.
Binucleate cell
A binucleate cell, or binucleated cell, is a cell containing two nuclei in a shared cytoplasm, arising through failed cytokinesis or cell fusion, and normal in liver and heart tissue.