1,440 articles
A2780/CP70
A2780/CP70 (CVCL_0135) is a cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line derived from A2780, MMR-deficient through hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation, used to study platinum drug resistance mechanisms.
A4573
A4573 (CVCL_6245, also A-4573, ES-A4573) is a human Ewing sarcoma cell line from a metastatic pleural effusion of a 17-year-old female, carrying t(11;22), used widely in drug-resistance and pharmacogenomics studies.
ABCA7
ABCA7 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 7), also called AD9, is a chromosome 19p13.3 phospholipid transporter gene and, after APOE, a leading Alzheimer's disease risk gene, acting in lipid efflux, microglial phagocytosis, and amyloid clearance.
Abnormal cell
Abnormal cell (CL:0001061) is a Cell Ontology class for a cell whose phenotype deviates from any native cell type of its organism, typically in disease states or models; parallel NCI Thesaurus concept C12913, related phenotype term MP:0000358.
Abrin
Abrin is a highly toxic type II ribosome-inactivating protein from Abrus precatorius (rosary pea, jequirity bean) seeds, about 75 times more potent than ricin, with an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1-1 microgram/kg and no antidote.
Achiasmate meiosis
Achiasmate meiosis (achiasmy): meiosis without chiasmata or crossovers, first seen in Drosophila males and Bombyx females; homologs segregate via backup tethers like Drosophila AHC and centromere pairing.
ACHN
ACHN (CVCL_1067, ATCC CRL-1611) is a human renal cell carcinoma cell line begun in 1979 from a pleural effusion of a 22-year-old man; genomically papillary, VHL wild type, NCI-60 member.
Acidophilic cytoplasm
Acidophilic cytoplasm, also called eosinophilic cytoplasm (CL:0017502), is cytoplasm that stains red or pink with the acidic anionic dye eosin in H&E staining; the eosinophil's cationic-protein granules are the model case.
Acinar cell
Acinar cell: secretory epithelial cell of exocrine glands, chiefly the pancreas and salivary glands; pyramidal, polarized, zymogen-granule-filled cells releasing digestive enzymes and fluid via Ca2+-regulated exocytosis.
Acridine orange staining
Acridine orange staining is a fluorescent dye method that binds DNA, RNA, and acidic compartments, emitting green or red, used to assess cell viability and apoptosis.
Acta histochemica
Acta histochemica (ISSN 0065-1281) is a German peer-reviewed histochemistry journal founded in 1954, now published by Urban & Fischer/Elsevier, distinct from the Japanese Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica (1968).
Actin
Actin: conserved eukaryotic cytoskeletal protein; G-actin monomers polymerize into F-actin filaments with ATP-driven treadmilling. Six mammalian isoforms (ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2) have distinct tissue roles; mutations cause myopathies.
Active transport
Active transport: energy-coupled movement of solutes against electrochemical gradients by membrane transporters. Covers primary ATP-driven pumps (P-type, F/V-type, ABC), secondary symporters and antiporters, stoichiometries, drug targets, and recent cryo-EM structures.
Adipocyte
Adipocyte (fat cell, lipocyte): connective tissue cell storing triglycerides in lipid droplets. Types: white (storage, endocrine), brown and beige (UCP1 thermogenesis), pink. Sizes 15–100 µm; central to lipolysis, leptin secretion, obesity-related metabolic disease.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue, also called fatty tissue, is a connective tissue made of fat cells that stores energy, acts as an endocrine organ, and occurs as white, brown, beige, and pink fat.
ADP/ATP translocase 4
ADP/ATP translocase 4 (ANT4, SLC25A31, AAC4, SFEC) is a testis-specific mitochondrial ADP/ATP antiporter essential for mouse spermatogenesis, conserved in mammals and anole lizard, and upregulated in some cancers.
Adrenodoxin reductase
Adrenodoxin reductase (FDXR, EC 1.18.1.6) is a monomeric FAD flavoprotein on the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons from NADPH via adrenodoxin to mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes, enabling steroid hormone biosynthesis; FDXR mutations cause mitochondrial neuropathy.
Afadin
Afadin (AF-6, MLLT4 gene product) is an F-actin-binding adaptor protein that binds nectins via its PDZ domain, linking them to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens and tight junctions; essential for junction organization in mouse development.
Air-liquid interface culture
Air-liquid interface culture is a cell culture method where epithelial cells grow on a porous membrane, basal side in medium and apical side in air, producing differentiated tissue-like epithelia.
Alan G. Weeds
Alan G. Weeds is a biochemist who worked for nearly forty years at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge on myosin chemistry and actin filament regulation.
ALCAM
ALCAM (CD166), activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, is an immunoglobulin superfamily transmembrane glycoprotein and CD6 ligand; a cell adhesion protein, cancer stem cell marker, and prognostic biomarker shed by ADAM17 and MMP14.
Alkaline lysis
Alkaline lysis is a molecular biology method, introduced by Birnboim and Doly in 1979, that breaks open bacterial cells to release plasmid DNA separate from chromosomal DNA.
Alpha tubulin
Alpha tubulin (α-tubulin), with beta tubulin, forms the αβ heterodimer that builds eukaryotic microtubules; ~55,000 Mr subunit, pI about 5.3, uniquely tyrosylated, encoded by isotype genes such as Tuba1a.
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase-independent, homologous recombination-based telomere maintenance mechanism used by roughly 10-15% of cancers, marked by APBs, C-circles, and ATRX/DAXX loss.
Alternative oxidase
Alternative oxidase (AOX), encoded by Aox1/AOX1-type nuclear genes, is a cyanide-resistant mitochondrial terminal oxidase in plants, some fungi, and protists that oxidizes ubiquinol, reduces oxygen to water without proton pumping, and drives thermogenesis and stress tolerance.
Aluminum-activated malate transporter
Aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs), founder TaALMT1, are plant anion-channel proteins, not true transporters, mediating malate efflux for aluminum tolerance, plus stomatal function, fruit acidity, and GABA transport.
Alveolar adventitial fibroblast
Alveolar adventitial fibroblast (AdvF, CL:4028006), also called alveolar type 2 fibroblast cell: a pulmonary interstitial fibroblast of the alveolus that localizes to vascular adventitia, marked by PI16, SERPINF1, SFRP2, and MFAP5, and supporting perivascular stem cell niches.
AMAI
AMAI (AMAL, CVCL_E455) is an EBV-transformed human B-lymphoblastoid cell line from an Algerian male donor, part of the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop panel, used as an HLA typing reference.
Ameloblast
Ameloblast: enamel-secreting epithelial cell of the tooth, also called enamel-forming cell. Differentiates from inner enamel epithelium through presecretory, secretory, transition, and maturation stages; dies at eruption, making enamel non-repairable.
Amniocyte
Amniocyte: a fetal cell suspended in amniotic fluid, shed from fetal skin, urinary tract, umbilical cord, and amniotic surface; cultured after amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis and studied as a stem cell and organoid source.