1,440 articles
Muscle relaxant
Muscle relaxant: antispastic and antispasmodic drugs (baclofen, dantrolene, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine) for spasticity and muscle spasms; also neuromuscular blocking agents used in anesthesia; weak evidence for low back pain.
Myelin staining
Myelin staining is a set of histological techniques that visualize myelin sheaths in nervous tissue, most commonly with Luxol fast blue, and used to reveal multiple sclerosis plaques.
Myelin-forming oligodendrocyte
Myelin-forming oligodendrocyte (MFOL): CNS glial cell that wraps axons in myelin, between OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes; expresses Mal, Mog, Plp1; generated in adulthood, stable once formed, central to remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
Myoepithelial cell
Myoepithelial cell: contractile epithelial cell with smooth-muscle features lining the outer layer of mammary, salivary, and sweat glands; expels milk via oxytocin, makes laminin-1, and suppresses tumor invasion.
Myometrial cell
Myometrial cell: smooth muscle cell of the uterine myometrium (myometrium smooth muscle cell) that contracts spontaneously. Distinguished by progesterone block, oxytocin receptor signaling, connexin 43 coupling, and phenotype switching across pregnancy.
Myopathy and diabetes mellitus
Myopathy and diabetes mellitus (ORPHA:2596, mitochondrial myopathy with diabetes) is a rare mtDNA-related mitochondrial myopathy caused by MT-TE tRNA-Glu mutations, chiefly m.14709T>C, combining proximal facial and scapular-girdle weakness with insulin-dependent diabetes, maternally inherited.
Myosin
Myosin: actin-based ATPase motor protein family, first named by Kühne in 1864; powers muscle contraction and cargo transport; over 30 classes, 38 human genes, disease-linked.
Myotube
Myotube: the multinucleated, cylindrical cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development and regeneration; matures into a myofiber, with primary and secondary forms and C2C12 as the standard in vitro model.
Na+/H+ exchanger
Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE, SLC9 family): integral membrane protein electroneutrally exchanging intracellular H+ for extracellular Na+; 13 human isoforms regulate pH, cell volume, heart disease, and cancer; NHE1 is the ubiquitous housekeeping isoform.
Nanoflares
A nanoflare is a DNA-coated gold nanoparticle that enters living cells without transfection agents and reports a specific RNA target by fluorescence, introduced at Northwestern University in 2007.
Nanomaterial-induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL)
Nanomaterial-induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) is a phenomenon in which nanoparticles physically disrupt junctions between vascular endothelial cells, opening gaps that let particles and cargo cross, first described in 2013.
Nanoparticle shape-dependent uptake
Nanoparticle shape-dependent uptake is how cell uptake of nanoparticles depends on shape, from spheres and rods to disks and stars, driven largely by membrane bending energy.
Nanoparticle-cell membrane interaction
Nanoparticle-cell membrane interaction is the set of physical and biological processes by which nanoscale particles adhere to cell membranes and enter cells, mainly via endocytosis, and determines whether engineered drug carriers reach their target.
Navajo neurohepatopathy
Navajo neurohepatopathy (NNH, MTDPS6), an autosomal recessive MPV17-related mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome of Navajo children, caused by the homozygous R50Q founder mutation, incidence 1 in 1,600 live births in the western Navajo Reservation.
NCI-ADR-RES
NCI-ADR-RES (NCI/ADR-RES, formerly MCF-7/ADR; CVCL_1452) is a doxorubicin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line derived from OVCAR-8, a member of the NCI-60 panel, long misidentified as a breast cancer subline.
NCI-H1092
NCI-H1092 is a human small cell lung cancer cell line established in June 1985 from a bone marrow metastasis in a 67-year-old male smoker, distributed by ATCC as CRL-5855.
NCI-H1105
NCI-H1105 (H1105, ATCC CRL-5856, CVCL_1455) is a human small cell lung cancer cell line established in 1985 from a metastatic lymph node of a 73-year-old male smoker; TP53 R249S, SCLC-A subtype.
NCI-H1155
NCI-H1155 (H1155) is a human lung large cell carcinoma cell line from a lymph node metastasis in a 36-year-old man, KRAS Q61H and TP53 R273H mutant, suspension-growing; ATCC CRL-5818, Cellosaurus CVCL_1456.
NCI-H125
NCI-H125 (H125, HUT-125, CVCL_3968, ATCC CRL-5801) is a human lung adenosquamous carcinoma cell line from a 61-year-old male donor, metastatic hypodermis origin, TP53-mutant, with discontinued ATCC and KCLB distribution.
NCI-H1341
NCI-H1341 (CVCL_1463, ATCC CRL-5864) is a human cancer cell line established in 1986, long distributed as small cell lung cancer but reclassified as HPV16-positive small cell carcinoma of the cervix, TP53/RB1 wild type with PIK3CA E524K and PTEN deletion.
NCI-H1385
NCI-H1385 (H1385, CVCL_1466) is a human lung squamous cell carcinoma cell line established in 1986 from a lymph node metastasis in a 49-year-old Black female smoker, carrying heterozygous KRAS G12C, distributed as ATCC CRL-5867.
NCI-H1436
NCI-H1436 (H1436, CVCL_1471, ATCC CRL-5871) is a human small cell lung cancer cell line from a 39-year-old male smoker's lymph node metastasis, established in 1986 by Gazdar and Minna, TP53-mutant and microsatellite stable.
NCI-H1437
NCI-H1437 (H1437, CVCL_1472) is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1986 from a pleural effusion; carries MAP2K1 Q56P and TP53 R267P mutations and is trametinib-sensitive.
NCI-H1450
NCI-H1450 (H1450, CVCL_A466) is a human small cell lung cancer cell line from a bone marrow metastasis in a 64-year-old man; it carries a TP53 Leu194Arg mutation and a published STR profile.
NCI-H146
NCI-H146 (also H146) is a human small cell lung cancer cell line established in 1979 by Adi F. Gazdar from a bone marrow metastasis, taken before therapy.
NCI-H1568
NCI-H1568 (H1568; CVCL_1476; ATCC CRL-5876) is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1986 from a lymph node metastasis in a 48-year-old female smoker, with TP53 and ATM mutations and wild-type EGFR and KRAS.
NCI-H157
NCI-H157 (H157, CVCL_0463) is a human lung squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a 59-year-old male, with KRAS G12R and SMARCA4 mutations; it is a registered contaminated line identical to NCI-H1264, distinct from NCI-H1573.
NCI-H1581
NCI-H1581 (H1581), ATCC CRL-5878, Cellosaurus CVCL_1479: a human lung large cell carcinoma cell line from a 44-year-old male smoker, established 1987, FGFR1-amplified and FGFR inhibitor-sensitive, used in cancer research and DepMap.
NCI-H1607
NCI-H1607 (H1607, CVCL_A467) is a human small cell lung cancer cell line from a metastatic lymph node of a 54-year-old male smoker, carrying a TP53 p.Pro151His mutation, paired with the EBV-transformed line NCI-BL1607.
NCI-H1650
NCI-H1650, also written H1650, is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1987 from a 27-year-old male smoker, used as a model of EGFR inhibitor resistance.