1,440 articles
Rab and small GTPase regulation
Rab and small GTPase regulation covers how Rab proteins, small GTPase molecular switches, control vesicle budding, motility, and fusion through a GTP/GDP cycle run by GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs.
Rab interacting lysosomal protein, dimerization domain
RILP dimerization domain (InterPro IPR021563): C-terminal coiled-coil homodimer of Rab-interacting lysosomal protein that binds two Rab7-GTP molecules (Rab7–RILP2–Rab7), enabling dynein–dynactin recruitment and retrograde lysosome transport.
Rab3
Rab3 (Rab3A, Rab3B, Rab3C, Rab3D) is a Rab GTPase subfamily regulating secretory and synaptic vesicle exocytosis; activated by MADD/GRAB GEFs, inactivated by Rab3GAP, linked to Warburg Micro syndrome.
Rab4
Rab4 (Rab4A/B/C) is a Ras-superfamily Rab GTPase on early endosomes that drives fast, direct recycling of receptors to the plasma membrane and also sorts cargo toward degradation, with links to diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
Rab9
Rab9 (Rab9A/Rab9B), a Rab-family small GTPase on late endosomes, mediates mannose 6-phosphate receptor recycling to the trans-Golgi network via effectors TIP47, GCC185, p40, and Nde1, and supports noncanonical autophagy.
Rabenosyn, Rab binding domain
Rabenosyn-5 Rab binding domains: three modules (C2H2 zinc finger, two helical hairpins Rbsn440-503 and Rbsn728-784) by which the endosomal effector Rabenosyn-5 (ZFYVE20) binds distinct Rab GTPase subsets (Rab5, Rab4/14, Rab5/22/24) via switch and interswitch regions.
Rael
Rael (Rael-BL, RAEL; CVCL_7208) is a human EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma B-cell line from a male Kenyan donor, a latency I model expressing only EBNA1, used in EBV methylation and gene regulation studies.
Ramos
Ramos (RA 1, CVCL_0597) is a human EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma B-cell line established in 1972 from a 3-year-old boy's ascites, carrying t(8;14) MYC-IGH and homozygous TP53 p.Ile254Asp, used widely in immunology and signaling research.
Ras-related protein Rsr1
Ras-related protein Rsr1, also called Bud1 (RSR1/BUD1, YGR152C), is a 272-amino-acid Ras-family GTPase of budding yeast that selects the bud site by cycling between GTP-bound (Cdc24, Cdc42 binding) and GDP-bound (Bem1 binding) states, regulated by the GEF Bud5 and the GAP Bud2.
Raúl Padrón
Raúl Padrón is a Venezuelan-born structural biologist who studies myosin thick filaments of muscle, revealed the interacting-heads motif, and joined UMass Chan Medical School as professor in 2018.
RAW 264.7
RAW 264.7 (TIB-71, CVCL_0493) is an immortalized BALB/c mouse macrophage cell line transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus, established in 1978, used widely in inflammation, LPS, nitric oxide, and osteoclastogenesis research.
RBL-2H3
RBL-2H3 (rat basophilic leukemia 2H3, CVCL_0591, ATCC CRL-2256) is a Wistar rat basophilic leukemia cell line cloned in 1978; it expresses high-affinity IgE receptors, degranulates and releases histamine on FcεRI aggregation, and is a standard in vitro allergy and secretion model.
RD-ES
RD-ES (RDES, CVCL_2169) is a human Ewing sarcoma cell line established in 1984 from the humerus tumor of a 19-year-old man, carrying a type 2 EWSR1-FLI1 fusion, TP53 p.R273C, and CD99-positive/CD45-negative phenotype.
Recombination protein 107
Recombination protein 107 (Rec107, Mer2) is a 314-amino-acid Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein of the RMM complex, essential for meiotic Spo11 double-strand break formation and regulated by CDK and DDK phosphorylation.
Red blood cell
Red blood cell (erythrocyte, RBC): the non-nucleated, biconcave, hemoglobin-containing blood cell that transports oxygen, about 45% of human blood volume, living roughly 120 days; deformability defines its function and disease links.
Redox imaging
Redox imaging maps the oxidation-reduction state of living cells and tissues, either label-free from the autofluorescence of NADH and FAD, or from genetically encoded redox sensors.
Regular atrial cardiac myocyte
Regular atrial cardiac myocyte (CL:0002129), also called atrial myocyte or atrial cardiomyocyte, is the working muscle cell of the heart atria; it contracts, conducts impulses, secretes ANP, and lacks the T-tubules and IKur/IKACh currents of ventricular myocytes.
Regulated Necrosis
Regulated necrosis, or programmed necrosis, is a form of genetically controlled cell death that ends in membrane rupture and cell lysis, releasing contents that trigger intense inflammation; its forms include necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis.
Regulation of Apoptosis
Regulation of apoptosis: control of caspase-mediated programmed cell death via intrinsic (mitochondrial, BCL-2 family, cytochrome c) and extrinsic (death receptor) pathways, IAPs, ubiquitination, and crosstalk with necroptosis and pyroptosis; dysregulation drives cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration.
Regulatory chondrocyte
Regulatory chondrocyte (RegC), a chondrocyte subtype found by single-cell RNA sequencing of human cartilage; marked by CFH, LUM, DCN, CHI3L1/2; enriched in signalling and anti-inflammatory genes; implicated in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis.
Renal intercalated cell
Renal intercalated cell (intercalated cell, IC): minority epithelial cell of the kidney connecting tubule and collecting duct, in type A, type B, and non-A non-B subtypes, mediating acid, bicarbonate, chloride, and sodium transport and blood pressure regulation.
Repli-seq
Repli-seq is a sequencing-based assay that measures DNA replication timing across the genome by sequencing BrdU-labeled newly replicated DNA from flow-sorted S-phase cell populations, first reported in 2009.
Replica Techniques
Replica techniques are electron microscopy specimen-preparation methods that make a platinum-carbon mold or cast of frozen or dried tissue, including freeze-fracture, freeze-etching, and corrosion casting, for TEM surface imaging.
Resiniferatoxin
Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a daphnane diterpenoid from Euphorbia resinifera latex (euphorbium), isolated 1975, is a potent TRPV1 agonist more potent than capsaicin, in trials as a single-dose analgesic for intractable cancer pain.
RESOLFT microscopy
RESOLFT (reversible saturable optical fluorescence transitions) is a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique, introduced in 2005, that images living cells beyond the diffraction limit at intensities far below STED.
Respiratory tract epithelial cell
Respiratory tract epithelial cell (airway epithelial cell, CL:0002368), an endoderm-derived epithelial cell lining the airways; ciliated pseudostratified columnar in conducting airways, with goblet, basal, ionocyte, and alveolar pneumocyte subtypes.
Reticular cell
Reticular cell (reticulum cell), Cell Ontology CL:0000432: a fibroblast that synthesizes collagen to make reticular fibers (mainly type III collagen), providing stromal support in spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, and bone marrow; includes fibroblastic reticular cells that build immune-cell conduits.
Reticulon
Reticulons (RTNs, RTN1–RTN4 in mammals; RTN4 also called Nogo) are eukaryotic membrane proteins with a C-terminal reticulon homology domain that shape and stabilize curved endoplasmic reticulum tubules and are implicated in neurodegenerative disease and viral replication.
Retinal ganglion cell
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the retina's sole output neurons, sending visual information through the optic nerve; about 1.2 million in humans, roughly 30 types in mouse, feature detectors lost in glaucoma.
Retinal pigment epithelial cell
Retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE, CL:0002586): epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium, a single pigmented layer between photoreceptors and choroid that phagocytoses outer segments, recycles vitamin A, and forms the outer blood-retinal barrier.