1,440 articles
Retrieval of early ER protein Rer1
RER1 (Rer1p, Retrieval to ER protein 1) is a four-transmembrane-domain sorting receptor of the cis-Golgi/ERGIC that retrieves escaped ER membrane proteins via transmembrane-domain signals, using COPI; cargoes include Sec12p and unassembled γ-secretase subunits, linking it to Alzheimer's disease.
Rh18
Rh18, also called SJRH-18, is a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line established at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from a two-year-old girl's perineal tumor, used widely in pediatric sarcoma research.
Rh28
Rh28 (SJRH-28, CVCL_8752) is a human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line from a 17-year-old male, PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-positive, near tetraploid, established via xenograft at St. Jude in 1987, notable for spontaneous senescence and use in PPTP drug testing.
Rh30
Rh30 (SJCRH30, RMS13, CVCL_0041) is a human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line from a bone marrow metastasis, carrying the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion, TP53 mutations, and 12q13-q15 CDK4 amplification; distributed by ATCC and DSMZ.
Rh4
Rh4 (RH4, SJRH-4, CVCL_5916) is a human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line from a 7-year-old girl's lung metastasis, PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-positive with TP53 mutation, paired with RH41 from the same patient.
Rho GTPase-activating protein domain
RhoGAP domain (BH domain), the ~150-190 amino acid catalytic module of Rho GTPase-activating proteins; uses a conserved arginine finger to accelerate Rho/Rac/Cdc42 GTP hydrolysis; 66 human members, intrinsically nonselective.
Rhodanese-like domain
Rhodanese-like domain (rhodanese homology domain, RHD): a ~120-residue protein module in all domains of life that transfers sulfane sulfur via a catalytic cysteine persulfide; found single, tandem, or fused, and related to Cdc25 phosphatases.
Ri-1
Ri-1 (RIVA, RI-1, CVCL_1885, DSMZ ACC 585) is a human ABC-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line established in 1977 from a 57-year-old woman's peripheral blood, EBV-negative, with TP53 mutation, RB inactivation, and MYC/BCL2 lesions.
Ribosomal protein
Ribosomal proteins are the protein components of ribosomes, also called r-proteins: 57 in bacteria, 68 in archaea, 78 in eukaryotes. They stabilize the rRNA core, bind RNA via motifs like OB fold and RNP, and assemble subunits.
Ribosome biogenesis
Ribosome biogenesis: synthesis and assembly of ribosomes. In eukaryotes it spans nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm, uses over 200 assembly factors, starts with Pol I-transcribed pre-rRNA forming 90S pre-ribosomes that yield 40S and 60S subunits; in prokaryotes it is cotranscriptional and compartment-free.
Ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) is a deep-sequencing method measuring genome-wide translation by sequencing ~30-nucleotide ribosome-protected mRNA fragments, introduced in 2009, enabling codon-level ribosome positions, translation efficiency, and novel ORF discovery.
Ribosome rescue and quality control
Ribosome rescue and quality control are the systems that free ribosomes stalled on mRNAs lacking stop codons or damaged, then degrade the incomplete proteins, via tmRNA in bacteria and Pelota in eukaryotes.
Ricin
Ricin, from castor beans (Ricinus communis), is a potent ribosome-inactivating protein toxin; CDC Category B bioterror agent, CWC Schedule 1, no antidote, used in the 1978 Markov assassination.
RIN-m5F
RIN-m5F (RINm5F, RIN-5F) is a clonal rat pancreatic beta cell line from an X-ray-induced NEDH rat insulinoma, a clone of RIN-m. It secretes insulin and L-dopa-decarboxylase, has low insulin content, poor glucose responsiveness, and is used in insulin gene regulation and beta-cell apoptosis research (ATCC CRL-3660, CVCL_0501).
RIPK1
RIPK1 (RIP, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1) is a 74 kDa serine/threonine kinase with a death domain that decides survival NF-κB signaling versus apoptosis and necroptosis downstream of TNFR1, and a clinical drug target.
RK 13
RK 13 (RK13, Glaxo Laboratories Rabbit Kidney 13) is a spontaneously immortalized rabbit kidney epithelial cell line established in 1959, ATCC CCL-37, used as a susceptible host for rubella, vaccinia, herpes, and other viruses.
RL95-2
RL95-2 (CVCL_0505, ATCC CRL-1671) is a human endometrial adenosquamous carcinoma cell line from a 65-year-old woman, MSI-high, ER-positive, used in cancer research and as a receptive-endometrium adhesion model.
RMG-I
RMG-I (RMG1, RMG-1; CVCL_1662) is a human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1988 from ascites of a 34-year-old Japanese woman; aneuploid, CDKN2A-deleted, listed by ICLAC as contaminated by RMG-II.
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA FISH) detects and locates specific RNA molecules in fixed cells with fluorescent probes, counting individual transcripts and revealing their subcellular positions.
Robert Robinson (structural biologist)
Robert (Bob) Charles Robinson is a structural biologist who solved the Arp2/3 complex structure and showed in 2018 that Asgard archaea encode functional profilins; he is a professor at VISTEC in Thailand.
Roberto Domínguez (biophysicist)
Roberto Domínguez, also published as Roberto Dominguez, is a structural biologist and biophysicist at the University of Pennsylvania who determines atomic structures of the actin cytoskeleton.
RPL4
RPL4 (ribosomal protein L4, uL4) is a human chromosome 15q22.31 gene encoding a conserved 60S ribosomal subunit protein of 425 amino acids that lines the peptide exit tunnel and shows prognostic signals in several cancers.
RPMI-8226
RPMI-8226 (ATCC CCL-155, CVCL_0014) is a human B lymphocyte cell line established in 1966 from a plasmacytoma patient; among the first multiple myeloma lines, it produces free lambda light chains and ranks 48 of 66 for patient tumor similarity.
RT-112
RT-112 (RT112, CVCL_1670) is a human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line established in 1973 from a grade G2 tumor in a woman; a low-grade, luminal-type preclinical model with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion, deleted CDKN2A, and heterozygous TP53 mutations.
RT-4
RT-4 (RT4, RT4P; CVCL_0036, ATCC HTB-2) is a human bladder cancer cell line from a recurrent grade I transitional cell carcinoma, used as a well-differentiated, luminal, low-grade urothelial carcinoma model with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion and wild-type p53.
RTG-2
RTG-2 (Rainbow Trout Gonad-2), also written RTG2, is the first permanent fish cell line, established from rainbow trout gonad by Wolf and Quimby in 1962; a fibroblast-like, spontaneously immortalized line (ATCC CCL-55) used in fish virology, ecotoxicology, and genotoxicity testing.
RWPE-1
RWPE-1 (ATCC CRL-11609/CRL-3607, CVCL_3791) is a non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line from a 54-year-old male donor, immortalized with HPV-18; parent of RWPE-2 and MNU-derived WPE1 lines.
RZZ complex, subunit Zwilch
Zwilch is a ~75 kDa protein subunit of the metazoan Rod–Zw10–Zwilch (RZZ) kinetochore complex, identified in Drosophila in 2003; it recruits dynein and Mad1–Mad2 to kinetochores for spindle checkpoint activation and silencing.
S Phase (gene)
S Phase (Reactome R-HSA-69242; REACTOME_S_PHASE gene set, 150 genes) is the DNA-synthesis phase of the cell cycle and its curated human pathway, covering replication, Cyclin A:Cdk2 entry events, cohesion, and S-phase checkpoints.
S462
S462 (CVCL_1Y70, "Patient 6 cell line") is a human NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell line from a 19-year-old woman's thigh, carrying germline NF1 6792C>A, NF1 and p53 LOH, and p53 329G>C; a widely used MPNST drug-screening and xenograft model.