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Supporting cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Supporting cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) is a Cell Ontology term for non-neuronal support cells of nematode and protostome sensory organs, notably C. elegans sheath, socket, and GLR cells forming sensillum channels.
Supporting cell (sensu Nematoda)
Supporting cells (sensu Nematoda) are the glial cells of nematodes, chiefly C. elegans: 56 per hermaphrodite, comprising 24 sheath, 26 socket, and 6 GLR cells that ensheath sensory neuron endings and form sensillum channels.
Suppression of apoptosis
Suppression of apoptosis (Reactome R-HSA-9635465) is the inhibition of programmed cell death, mainly via anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins and IAPs; it underlies cancer immune evasion and is reversed therapeutically by venetoclax.
Suprabasal cell
Suprabasal cell: epithelial cell in layers above the basal layer of stratified or pseudostratified epithelia (skin, esophagus, airway, cornea); arises from basal cells, expresses differentiation keratins, and is committed to terminal differentiation.
Suspension culture
Suspension culture is a cell culture method in which cells grow free-floating in agitated liquid medium rather than attached to a surface, widely used for producing large volumes of cells.
Sustentacular cell
Sustentacular cells are non-neuronal supporting cells of sensory and glandular tissues, notably the olfactory epithelium (also called supporting cells), plus Sertoli cells of the testis and adrenal medullary glia-like cells; they support, detoxify, and phagocytose.
Suxamethonium chloride
Suxamethonium chloride (succinylcholine, sux) is the only depolarizing neuromuscular blocker in clinical use: 1 mg/kg IV acts within 60 seconds for 2 to 6 minutes, hydrolyzed by pseudocholinesterase, used for rapid sequence intubation.
SW1116
SW1116 (SW-1116, SW 1116), human colon adenocarcinoma cell line CVCL_0544 established in 1976 from a 73-year-old male; microsatellite-stable, APC/KRAS/TP53-mutant, epithelial, CEA-producing colorectal cancer research model.
SW13
SW13 (SW-13, Scott and White No. 13) is a human cancer cell line isolated in 1971 from the adrenal cortex of a 55-year-old woman, long used with NCI-H295R as an adrenocortical carcinoma model despite non-steroidogenic, debated small cell carcinoma origin.
SW1990
SW1990 is a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1978 from a spleen metastasis, known as a standard model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and for its gemcitabine resistance.
SW48
SW48 (SW-48, CVCL_1724) is a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line from the transverse colon, MSI-high, near-diploid, KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA wild type, widely used in EGFR, KRAS isogenic, and pharmacogenomic studies.
SW480
SW480 (SW-480, CVCL_0546) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1976 from a male donor's primary tumor, KRAS G12V, APC-null, TP53 R273H/P309S, MSS, paired with metastatic line SW620.
SW620
SW620 (SW-620, CVCL_0547) is a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line from a lymph node metastasis of a 51-year-old male, sister line to SW480; MSS, CMS4, KRAS G12V, APC and TP53 mutant, used to model metastatic colorectal cancer.
SW948
SW948 (SW-948, SW 948; ATCC CCL-237, DSMZ ACC 326) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line from an 81-year-old woman, Dukes' C grade III, MSS, KRAS Q61L-mutant, established by Leibovitz.
SWEIG007
SWEIG007 (Swei, CVCL_E838) is an EBV-transformed human B-lymphoblastoid cell line from a male donor, a homozygous HLA reference line of the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop (IHW 9037) typed DRB1*11:01, distributed by ECACC as 88052037.
Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis, or the endosymbiont theory, is an evolutionary process in which new species arise through long-term symbiosis, best confirmed in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Synapsis
Synapsis is the close pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I, held together by the zipper-like synaptonemal complex; it enables crossing over and accurate chromosome segregation, and does not occur in mitosis.
Synaptonemal complex protein 1
SYCP1 (SCP1, CT8) is the transverse filament protein of the synaptonemal complex, a 976-amino-acid coiled-coil tetramer that zips homologous chromosomes together during meiotic prophase I; loss of function causes synapsis failure, infertility, and aneuploidy.
Synaptopodin
Synaptopodin (SYNPO, SYNPO1) is a proline-rich, natively unfolded actin-binding protein of the podin family, found in kidney podocytes and dendritic spines, required for the spine apparatus, synaptic plasticity, and podocyte actin stress fibers.
Syncytium
Syncytium (plural syncytia): a multinucleate cell or cell-like structure formed by fusion of cells, from Greek syn + kytos. Normal in muscle, placenta, bone; also induced by viruses such as RSV and SARS-CoV-2. Distinct from a coenocyte, which forms by nuclear division without cytokinesis.
Synovial cell
Synovial cells are the macrophages and fibroblasts of the joint-lining synovium; CD55+ lining and THY1+ sublining fibroblasts and MerTK-defined macrophage subsets maintain joint homeostasis and drive rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis inflammation.
Synthesis of DNA
Synthesis of DNA: enzyme-catalyzed 5'-to-3' construction of DNA strands by DNA polymerases during S-phase replication and repair, requiring RNA primers, helicase, and clamps.
T-47D
T-47D (T47D) is a human breast carcinoma cell line, DSMZ ACC 739 / ATCC HTB-133, established in 1974 from a pleural effusion of a 54-year-old woman; ER/PR-positive, HER2-expressing luminal model with tamoxifen-resistant Tam1/Tam2 derivatives.
T24
T24 (T-24, CVCL_0554, ATCC HTB-4) is a human bladder carcinoma cell line established in Sweden from an 82-year-old woman, reported 1973; HRAS G12V, TP53-mutant, invasive poorly differentiated urothelial cancer model.
T98G
T98G (T-98G), a human glioblastoma multiforme cell line from a 61-year-old male, hyperpentaploid, temozolomide-resistant, IDH wild-type; ATCC CRL-1690, Cellosaurus CVCL_0556.
Taste receptor cell
Taste receptor cells, also called taste cells or TRCs, are specialized epithelial cells in taste buds detecting sweet, bitter, salty, sour, and umami via Type I-IV cell types, GPCRs, OTOP1, ENaC, and ATP signaling.
Tau protein
Tau protein: microtubule-associated protein (MAPT gene, six isoforms, 352-441 aa) that stabilizes axonal microtubules; hyperphosphorylated tau forms neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, measured by tau PET and blood p-tau217 tests.
TE-1
TE-1 (TE1, CVCL_1759) is a human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line established in 1979 from a 58-year-old Japanese male, with 60-hour doubling time, TP53 p.Val272Met, MSS status, and wide use in drug-resistance and immunotherapy research.
TE-10
TE-10 (CVCL_1760, TE10) is a human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a 58-year-old Japanese male, highly differentiated, TP53-mutant, MSS, RPMI-1640 cultured, distributed by RIKEN (RCB2099) and TKG.
TE-11
TE-11 (CVCL_1761, RCB2100) is a human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a 58-year-old Japanese man, moderately differentiated, TP53 p.Arg110Leu, MSS, established by Nishihira's TE series.