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TE-2
TE-2 (TE2, CVCL_4455) is a human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line established in 1979, doubling every 72 hours, now flagged as contaminated because it is genotypically identical to TE-3, TE-7, TE-12, and TE-13 (ICLAC-00275).
Telocyte
Telocytes are stromal interstitial cells with a small cell body and extremely long, thin, beaded telopodes, renamed from interstitial Cajal-like cells in 2010 by Popescu and Faussone-Pellegrini; they form 3D networks, support stem cell niches, and are implicated in fibrosis.
Telophase
Telophase is the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which nuclear envelopes re-form around the separated chromosomes and cytokinesis completes the division into two daughter cells.
Tendon cell
Tendon cell (tenocyte), the main tendon fibroblast, about 95% of tendon cells; spindle-shaped, produces type I collagen ECM, marked by scleraxis and tenomodulin, responds to mechanical load, and is the target of tendon cell therapy.
Tensin
Tensin (TNS1–TNS4, including CTEN) is a four-member family of focal adhesion scaffold proteins linking integrins and the extracellular matrix to actin, with SH2-PTB domains, roles in kidney, heart, muscle regeneration, and cancer.
Terminal Schwann cell
Terminal Schwann cell (tSC, teloglia, perisynaptic Schwann cell): non-myelinating glial cell capping the neuromuscular junction; guides synapse development, modulates transmission, directs reinnervation, and is implicated in SMA, ALS, and Miller-Fisher syndrome.
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), pufferfish poison also found in blue-ringed octopuses and newts, is a bacterial-origin neurotoxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels from outside at nanomolar doses, causing paralysis, with no antidote but analgesic potential.
Theca cell
Theca cell: somatic cell of the ovarian follicle's outer layers (theca interna, theca externa); the follicle's principal androgen producer under LH, feeding androgen precursors to granulosa cells for estradiol synthesis via the two-cell, two-gonadotropin model.
Thecogen cell
Thecogen cell (sheath cell, fly sheath cell, CL:0000380): the innermost auxiliary support cell of insect sensilla, enveloping sensory neuron somata and inner dendrites; expresses nompA, buffers K+, and is distinct from trichogen and tormogen cells.
Thermogenin
Thermogenin, now called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), is a 32 kDa mitochondrial inner-membrane protein of brown and beige adipocytes that leaks protons to generate heat; activated by fatty acids, inhibited by purine nucleotides such as ATP.
Thioredoxin
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small, ubiquitous redox protein, about 12 kDa, that reduces disulfide bonds in proteins and, with thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, forms one of the cell's principal antioxidant systems.
THP-1
THP-1 (Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1), human monocytic leukemia cell line from a 1-year-old boy, established 1978, described 1980; suspension monocyte-like cells with KMT2A-MLLT3 fusion, PMA-differentiable into macrophages; distinct from B-THP-1, a misidentified Raji derivative.
Three-dimensional cell culture
Three-dimensional cell culture grows cells in scaffolds, hydrogels, or self-assembled aggregates so they experience tissue-like architecture and diffusion gradients, with main formats of spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-chip devices.
Thylakoid
Thylakoid: photosynthetic internal membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts hosting PSII, PSI, cytochrome b6f, and ATP synthase; stacked grana plus stroma thylakoids in plants, driving ATP and NADPH production.
Thyroid follicular cell
Thyroid follicular cell (thyrocyte): endoderm-derived epithelial cell lining thyroid follicles; uses NIS, TPO, and thyroglobulin to make T3 and T4 under TSH control; source of papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
Tight junction
Tight junction (zonula occludens): cell–cell adhesion complex of epithelia and endothelia sealing the paracellular space; built from claudins, occludin, JAMs, and ZO scaffold proteins; controls ion-selective permeability, cell polarity, and barrier disease.
TIM22 carrier translocase pathway
The TIM22 carrier translocase pathway inserts metabolite carrier proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane without a cleavable presequence, using small Tim chaperones and requiring only membrane potential.
TIM23 presequence translocase pathway
TIM23 presequence translocase pathway: mitochondrial import route for precursors with N-terminal presequences, using TOM, the Tim23/Tim17/Mgr2 inner-membrane channel, Δψ, and the ATP-driven PAM motor.
Time-lapse microscopy
Time-lapse microscopy is a technique that images a specimen repeatedly over time, producing single-cell records of division, migration, and gene expression that static snapshots cannot resolve.
Tip cell
Tip cell, or endothelial tip cell: the migratory leading cell of an angiogenic blood-vessel sprout, extending VEGF-A-guided filopodia; its numbers are limited by Dll4/Notch signaling, distinguishing it from proliferative stalk cells.
Tissue (biology)
A tissue is a group of similar cells organized to perform a particular function, such as contraction or transport; animals have epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Tissue dissociation
Tissue dissociation is a laboratory method that breaks solid tissue into a suspension of single living cells, combining enzymatic digestion with mechanical shearing for analysis or culture.
Tissue fixation
Tissue fixation is the chemical preservation of excised tissue, usually in formaldehyde, that stabilizes proteins and nucleic acids and halts decay before staining or analysis.
TK2-related mitochondrial DNA maintenance defect, myopathic form
TK2-related mitochondrial DNA maintenance defect, myopathic form (TK2 deficiency, TK2d, OMIM 609560) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial myopathy with mtDNA depletion, treated with deoxycytidine/deoxythymidine therapy (KYGEVVI, FDA-approved 2025).
TNF signaling
TNF signaling: pathways activated when TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) binds TNFR1 or TNFR2, driving NF-κB/MAPK survival, apoptosis via complex II, or RIPK1/RIPK3 necroptosis.
Tonsil squamous cell
Tonsil squamous cell (CL:1001577) is the squamous epithelial cell of the tonsil, covering the palatine tonsil surface and lining its crypts; the crypt reticulated epithelium is the site of most HPV-positive tonsillar cancers.
Tormogen cell
The tormogen cell, also called the socket cell, is an insect epidermal cell that forms the socket and joint membrane around the base of a sensory hair or seta.
TPC-1
TPC-1 (TPC1, CVCL_6298) is a human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line from an adult Japanese female, carrying the CCDC6-RET (RET/PTC1) fusion, BRAF wild type; several BHP lines and FB-2 are STR-identical duplicates.
TPX2
TPX2 (Targeting Protein for Xklp2, also p100/REPP86/HCA519) is a microtubule-associated spindle assembly factor regulated by RanGTP/importin, an activator of Aurora A kinase, required for branching microtubule nucleation, and overexpressed as a prognostic biomarker in many cancers.
Tracheal epithelial cell
Tracheal epithelial cell, also called tracheal epithelium cell, lines the trachea as pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium of ciliated, goblet, and basal cells plus rare ionocytes, providing barrier and mucociliary clearance and serving tracheal tissue engineering.