1,440 articles
Genetic ablation
Genetic ablation is a bench biology method that selectively kills defined cell populations in a living organism by expressing a cytotoxic or death-inducing transgene in those cells.
Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination, also called homologous recombination, is the production of new DNA arrangements via crossing over, gene conversion, and related mechanisms, initiated by Spo11-made double-strand breaks and RecA-mediated strand exchange.
Genetically encoded calcium indicators
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are engineered proteins, expressed from transferred genes, that change fluorescence upon binding calcium ions, allowing calcium dynamics and neural activity to be imaged in living cells and organisms.
GI-1
GI-1, also written GI1, is a permanent human cancer cell line established in 1992 from a gliosarcoma of the brain, a tumor with both glial and connective-tissue components, at Kyoto University.
Gitelman syndrome
Gitelman syndrome (familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia) is an autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy caused by SLC12A3 mutations impairing the distal tubule NCC cotransporter, causing hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, alkalosis, and hypocalciuria.
GLC-4
GLC-4 (CVCL_0279, GLC4) is a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line from a male pleural effusion metastasis, TP53-mutant, parent of drug-resistant sublines GLC4/ADR, GLC4-CDDP, and GLC4-MITO used in multidrug resistance research.
Glioblast (sensu Vertebrata)
Glioblast (sensu Vertebrata), Cell Ontology term CL:0000339 and ZFIN ZFA:0009169, is a vertebrate neuroectoderm-derived precursor cell that differentiates into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes; distinct from glioblastoma and from the invertebrate glioblast.
Glomerular cell
A glomerular cell is one of the four resident cell types forming the glomerulus, the kidney's microscopic capillary tuft that filters blood to form urine: podocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and parietal epithelial cells.
Glomerular endothelial cell
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC): fenestrated, glycocalyx-coated endothelial cell lining glomerular capillaries, forming the first layer of the glomerular filtration barrier; its negatively charged glycocalyx plugs nondiaphragmed fenestrae and restricts albumin, with roles in pre-eclampsia and diabetic kidney disease.
Glomerular mesangial cell
Glomerular mesangial cell (mesangial cell): smooth muscle-like contractile and phagocytic pericyte between glomerular capillaries; supports capillary loops, regulates filtration surface, and drives mesangial expansion in diabetic and IgA kidney disease.
Glucan exporter ATP-binding protein, NdvA
NdvA, the beta-(1→2)glucan export ATP-binding/permease protein of Sinorhizobium meliloti, is a 616-aa ABC exporter that moves cyclic beta-1,2-glucan to the periplasm and is required for effective alfalfa nodulation; its homolog ChvA serves the same role in Agrobacterium virulence.
Glycine cleavage system
The glycine cleavage system, or glycine decarboxylase complex, is a mitochondrial enzyme system that breaks down glycine into carbon dioxide, ammonia, and one-carbon units, and defects in it cause nonketotic hyperglycinemia.
Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx, also known as the cell coat or pericellular matrix, is a carbohydrate-rich layer coating the outer surface of most cells, named in 1963 by H. Stanley Bennett.
GM00130
GM00130 (CVCL_7274, also GM17201) is an EBV-transformed human B-lymphocyte cell line from a 25-year-old Caucasian male, a Coriell NIGMS GeT-RM reference material carrying CFTR 4375-36delT and the CYP2C19*2 allele.
GM01650
GM01650 (RRID:CVCL_7328) is a finite human skin fibroblast cell line from a 37-year-old Caucasian woman, held in Coriell's NIGMS Apparently Healthy Collection and used as an unaffected control in genetic disease studies.
GM12878
GM12878 (NA12878) is an EBV-immortalized human lymphoblastoid B cell line from a female HapMap donor of European ancestry, a Coriell-distributed ENCODE Tier 1 line and Genome in a Bottle reference standard for sequencing calibration.
Goblet cell
Goblet cell is a unicellular glandular epithelial cell found in the linings of many organs, including the small intestine and respiratory tract, and is linked to hypersecretion in asthma and COPD.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a stacked membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts, and routes proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
GOTO
GOTO (CVCL_1234, JCRB0612) is a human neuroblastoma cell line established in 1979 from an adrenal tumor of a Japanese male infant; fibroblast-like, ~48-hour doubling, NRAS Q61L mutant, used in differentiation, radiation, and drug studies.
Gramicidin A
Gramicidin A is a 15-residue linear peptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus brevis that kills Gram-positive bacteria by forming ion channels in membranes, and is used only topically.
Green fluorescence imaging
Green fluorescence imaging is an optical technique using green fluorophores like GFP and fluorescein to report the location and dynamics of labeled biomolecules in living cells.
Growth factors
Growth factors are signaling molecules regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and repair; families include NGF, FGF, and TGF. Also the name of a Taylor & Francis journal (ISSN 0897-7194) founded in 1988 covering this research.
GTPase-activating protein
GTPase-activating protein (GAP): a regulatory protein that accelerates GTP hydrolysis by GTP-binding proteins, switching them off. Includes RasGAP/RASA1, neurofibromin, RhoGAPs, TBC Rab GAPs, arginine finger mechanism, and cancer links.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins that activate small GTPases such as Ras, Rho, Rab, and Arf by catalyzing GDP release, letting GTP rebind; family-specific catalytic domains include CDC25, DH, and Sec7.
HaCaT
HaCaT (CVCL_0038) is a spontaneously immortalized, aneuploid, nontumorigenic human keratinocyte cell line from adult back skin, established 1988 by Boukamp et al.; widely used skin biology and toxicology model with mutant TP53.
Hair cell
Hair cells are the inner ear's mechanosensory receptors, topped with stereocilia; inner hair cells encode sound, outer hair cells amplify it, and mammalian hair cells do not regenerate.
Hair germinal matrix cell
Hair germinal matrix cell (trichocyte, CL:0002562): mitotically active epidermal cell in the hair bulb matrix surrounding the dermal papilla; proliferates during anagen and differentiates into hair shaft and inner root sheath.
HaloTag
HaloTag is a protein tagging technology in which an engineered 33 kDa bacterial dehalogenase covalently binds chloroalkane ligands, allowing one fusion construct for imaging, purification, and degradation.
Hayflick limit
Hayflick limit: the finite number of divisions (~50 population doublings) normal human diploid cells undergo in culture before replicative senescence, caused by telomere shortening; discovered by Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961.
HBL-100
HBL-100 (CVCL_4362) is a human epithelial cell line established from breast milk, carrying tandemly integrated SV40 genomes and a Y chromosome; it is ICLAC-registered as misidentified and used as a breast epithelial model.